I've taken up a special opportunity to participate in the Shell International Nanotechnology Forum. It's in Houston, Texas. I will be watching this virtually since travelling to Houston won't be economic, and it's not helpful for the environment or my workmates. Here is the
websiteThis forum is going to talk about what I love about nanotechnology. It's a hot topic in the scientific world and world academic experts will be there. Nanotechnology is about the controlling matter at a molecular level. Being able to control matter at a really really small scale is opening up a range of opportunities that could further help the company meet rising energy demand. Already, we're is seeing projects here in Australiasia benefiting from the nano-engineering of conventional metals, composites and other materials. For example it means we can drill ever deeper, work at greater depth offshore, and lay pipe safely in extreme conditions. The forum will discuss further opportunities as well as the direction the science could go in the coming years.
What is Nanotechnology?
There are several definitions of nanotechnology. To choose one, according to the National Nanotechnology Initiative, “Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.” One nanometer equals one thousand millionth of a meter. There are three elements to this definition:
1) Size: materials or features that have at least one dimension in the range of 1 - 100 nm. As a comparison, to understand what one nanometer is, a human hair is approximately 50,000 nm thick, the HIV virus is 90 nm long and a DNA helix has a diameter of around 2 nm.
2) Unique phenomena: Ordinary materials (like gold or carbon) often show novel properties when reduced to the nanoscale. For instance, 12 nm gold particles do not have the typical gold colour; they are red. Other novel properties that some materials show at the nanoscale are higher strength, electrical conductivity and increased reactivity.
3) Novel Application: We talk about Nanotechnology, when the unique phenomena can be exploited in an application, in something useful. For instance: stronger and lighter composites, more sensitive sensors, faster electronics, etc.
Another common definition for nanotechnology is that nanotechnology is engineering at the molecular scale.
When was nano technology applied first?
The concept of nanotechnology can be traced back to 1959 when Richard Feynman from MIT gave a speech entitled “There's plenty of room at the bottom”. He put the idea forth of atom-by-atom construction. The word “nanotechnology” was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974 to refer to “production technology to get the extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the preciseness and fineness on the order of 1 nm (nanometer), 0.0000000001 meter in length”.
Nanotechnology as we understand it today, started taking shape in the 80's and the 90's with the development of new characterisation tools with atomic resolution and the discovery of new nanomaterials (fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes in 1991), which intrigued scientists due to their unique properties. Although some commercial products based on nanotechnology appeared during the 90's, commercial applications have started to spread faster only in recent years.
Health, Safety and Enviroment (HSE) - There is a lot of debate about the HSE implications of nanomaterials, but they are not all the same. Different nanomaterials might pose different HSE risks - as different chemicals do. As yet the limited research that exists is rather inconclusive, even contradictory. The nanotechnology group in Shell Westhollow Technology Center (WTC) has worked with the WTC HSE department and internal safety guidelines for the use of nanomaterials in Shell labs have been established. Extinction Level Scenarios such as a 'grey goo' will be far from occurring.